Professor Conwell and her group have been studying transport of excess electrons and holes along the base stack in DNA. Transport of charges in DNA is important because (1) It could lead to mutations and carcinogenesis and (2) If the transport is good, DNA could play a useful role as electrical wires in very tiny circuits (nanocircuits) which it can also help to assemble. Measurements of conduction in DNA have led to controversial results, some characterizing it as an insulator, some as a metal, and still others as a semiconductor. Professor Conwell believes the weight of evidence favors the latter. Because DNA is surrounded by water and ions, a charge added to a DNA molecule gives rise to a strong polarization, which lowers its energy. The charge and the polarization move together as a kind of particle, a polaron. Professor Conwell and her group have been calculating the properties of these polarons and how they contribute to conduction in DNA. They have shown that the existence of polarons can explain a number of different experimental results that have been obtained for DNA, and have predicted how fast the polarons can move in an electric field or on a DNA with a difference in oxidation potentials due to donor and acceptor molecules at the respective ends.